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In particular, lumbar DR can assist doctors to diagnose damage to the lumbar bone, such as tumors, bone tuberculosis, fractures, and deformity of the lumbar spine ( 6).ĭespite the rapidity of lumbar DR, compared with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT), its effectiveness in radiologically suspicious examination of the lumbar spine is relatively poor. Further, diagnosis based on lumbar spine x-ray images is greatly influenced by the physician's subjective perceptions.ĭigital radiography (DR) is widely used in clinical practice due to its high image quality, low radiation dose, fast imaging speed, and simple operation process. LBP brings enormous economic and mental burdens to patients and has been found to reduce patient incomes by about 87% compared with the normal population ( 5).Īt present, clinical lumbar X-ray is the preferred imaging method for the diagnosis of LBP however, manual measurement of the various lumbar parameters is time-consuming, laborious, and inconsistent.
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It is the sixth leading contributor to the global overall disease burden ( 4). Lower back pain (LBP) is a widespread public health problem and the main cause of disability worldwide ( 1– 3). It provides a reliable and efficient method to identify the shape of the lumbar spine while automatically determining the radiographic image quality. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the assessment method on the validation set were 0.971–0.990 (mean 0.98 ± 0.10), 0.714–0.933 (mean 0.86 ± 0.13), and 0.995–1.000 (mean 0.99 ± 0.12) for the three positions, respectively.Ĭonclusion: This deep learning-based algorithm achieves accurate segmentation of lumbar spine x-ray images. Results: The dice similarity coefficient of the anteroposterior position images ranged from 0.82 to 0.96 (mean 0.91 ± 0.06) the dice similarity coefficient of the lateral position images ranged from 0.71 to 0.95 (mean 0.87 ± 0.10) the dice similarity coefficient of the oblique position images ranged from 0.66 to 0.93 (mean 0.80 ± 0.14). The dice similarity coefficient was used to evaluate segmentation performance. The segmentations were used to build an automatic assessment method to detect unqualified images. An enhanced encoder-decoder fully convolutional network with U-net as the backbone was implemented to segment the anatomical structures in the x-ray images. The quality control standard for lumbar spine x-ray radiography in this study was defined using textbook guidelines of as a reference. The training set consisted of digital radiography images of 1,070 patients (800, 798, and 623 images of the anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique position, respectively) and the validation set included 319 patients (200, 205, and 156 images of the anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique position, respectively). Materials and Methods: A dataset comprising anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique position lumbar spine x-ray images from 1,389 patients was analyzed in this study. Purpose: To standardize the radiography imaging procedure, an image quality control framework using the deep learning technique was developed to segment and evaluate lumbar spine x-ray images according to a defined quality control standard.
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1Department of Radiology, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Medical Imaging of Wenzhou, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.transverse foramina protecting the vertebral arteries and veinsĪ more detailed description can be found in the article on typical cervical vertebrae.Xiao Chen 1 Qingshan Deng 1 Qiang Wang 2 Xinmiao Liu 3 Lei Chen 2 Jinjin Liu 1 Shuangquan Li 1 Meihao Wang 1 Guoquan Cao 1 *.relatively long, bifid (except for C7) inferiorly pointing spinous processes.relatively wide vertebral arch with large vertebral foramen.Gross anatomyĪlthough C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) have unique characteristics and C7 (also termed vertebra prominens) deviates from the overall pattern, general characteristics of the cervical vertebrae include: It also provides a pathway for the vertebral arteries and veins to carry blood to and from the brain via the transverse foramina.įor a basic description of the anatomy of a generic vertebra, see vertebrae. Its main function is to support the skull and maintain the relative positions of the brain and spinal cord. The cervical spine (often shortened to C-spine) is the upper part of the spine extending from the skull base to the thorax at the level of the first vertebra with a rib attached to it.